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Psychical Research and Parapsychology are scientific approaches to the
study of apparently paranormal phenomena. The "paranormal" (beside or
beyond the normal) refers to unusual experiences that do not seem to be explainable
in terms of our everyday understanding or known scientific principles. Paranormal
experiences often seem weird, uncanny, or unnatural. Typically they are quite rare
but there are a few exceptional "stars" who have regular paranormal experiences
and may show seemingly consistent paranormal ability.
The term "Psychical Research" was coined in the late 19th Century.
Many of the early psychical researchers were particularly interested in phenomena
that suggested the survival of human personality after death (e.g.,
hauntings and mediumistic
communications). The term "Parapsychology" was coined in the 1930s to
refer specifically to controlled experimental research into apparently paranormal
abilities such as ESP (e.g., telepathy and clairvoyance) and psychokinesis (mental
influence on physical events). In recent years, both Psychical Research and
Parapsychology have broadened their approaches so that a clear distinction
between the two disciplines is no longer possible.
Some modern researchers prefer to identify their approach as the study
of "anomalies" rather than "paranormal" phenomena, in order
to avoid the assumption that such phenomena cannot be explained scientifically.
People differ in their attitudes towards the paranormal. At one end is
the devout believer who will not consider any counter arguments or evidence. At
the other end is the aggressive sceptic who dismisses or seeks to debunk any apparent
evidence for the paranormal. Somewhere between these two extremes is the open-minded
inquirer who has no particular axe to grind and is willing to consider the evidence
on its own merits. Psychical Research and Parapsychology operate somewhere in this
open-minded middle ground, although (adopting Occam's razor) the burden of proof
always lies with those who would make paranormal claims.
Most alleged paranormal phenomena can be categorised in terms of whether
they are primarily mental (involving the obtaining of information in paranormal
ways) or physical (involving paranormal influences on physical objects, events
or processes, or on living systems). In practice, however, this distinction is often
blurred (e.g., a phenomenon may have both mental and physical features). Additionally,
there are varieties of miscellaneous phenomena that do not fit neatly into
either category. Many parapsychologists do not accept some or all of these miscellaneous
phenomena as the legitimate study of parapsychology.
For definitions, see Glossary of Terms in Parapsychology
- Extrasensory Perception
- Telepathy
- Clairvoyance and clairaudience
- Psychometry
- Precognition and Premonitions
- Remote Viewing
- Mental mediumship
- Dowsing
- Past-life memories
- Possession
- Out of body and near death experiences
- Apparitions
- Automatic writing
- Xenoglossy
For definitions, see Glossary of Terms in Parapsychology
- Psychokinesis
- Physical mediumship
- Psychic photography
- Thoughtography
- Healing
- Poltergeist activity
- Materialization and dematerialization
- Levitation
For definitions, see Glossary of Terms in Parapsychology
- Bizarre coincidences
- Miracles
- Unidentified Flying Objects
- Other mysterious sightings
- Alien Abductions
- Animal Mutilations
- Corn Circles
- Stigmata
- Occult systems of knowledge and practice
- Psychological Phenomena (e.g., lucid dreaming, glossolalia).
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